What are reconstructive effects in the context of memory?

Reconstructive effects in memory refer to the process where individuals use existing knowledge and experiences to interpret and recall past events, rather than simply retrieving them as exact copies. In this context, relying on memory instead of contemporaneous notes exemplifies reconstructive effects, as it emphasizes how memories can be influenced by prior knowledge, biases, and context at the time of recall. When people attempt to remember an event without external references, such as notes taken at the time, their recollections may be altered or shaped by their beliefs, expectations, and prior experiences, leading to potential inaccuracies.

This approach highlights the idea that memory is not a perfect recording of information but rather an active process of rebuilding past experiences, making it susceptible to constructive processes that can enhance or distort the memory. The other options describe scenarios that either do not pertain directly to the nature of reconstructive memory, such as the creation of new memories or the impact of consistent recall.