What is characterized by a probability distribution?

The correct choice describes a probability distribution as it specifically involves the possible values and their likelihood of occurrence. A probability distribution illustrates how likely each outcome is in a given experiment or random variable. It provides a comprehensive view of the variability or uncertainty related to an event, which is essential for statistical analysis.

In contrast, the other options do not encapsulate the essence of a probability distribution. A list of all possible experiments conducted is more about the methodology and does not reflect the associated probabilities of outcomes. The final outcomes of a single trial focus solely on specific results without considering the overall probability framework around multiple potential outcomes. Lastly, the data recorded from case studies represent observations or findings rather than a structured representation of probabilities linked to various outcomes. This makes the focus of the correct choice central to understanding how probability distributions function in statistical contexts.