What is considered the mathematical language of uncertainty?

The concept of uncertainty in a mathematical context is most closely associated with probability. Probability provides a way to quantify and analyze uncertain events and outcomes, offering a framework to measure how likely an event is to occur. This allows statisticians and analysts to make informed decisions based on incomplete information or variability in data.

On the other hand, while statistics is fundamentally related to analyzing data and drawing conclusions from it, it often relies on probabilities to interpret results and make inferences. Logic pertains more to reasoning and the principles of valid inference, which does not directly address uncertainty in the same way. Numerical analysis, while important for approximating solutions and computational methods, does not focus specifically on uncertainty.

Thus, probability is the branch of mathematics that explicitly deals with quantifying uncertainty, making it the correct answer in this context.